ls命令用来显示目标列表,在Linux中是使用率较高的命令。ls命令的输出信息可以进行彩色加亮显示,以分区不同类型的文件。
语法
ls(选项)(参数)选项
-a:显示所有档案及目录(ls内定将档案名或目录名称为“.”的视为影藏,不会列出);
-A:显示除影藏文件“.”和“..”以外的所有文件列表;
-C:多列显示输出结果。这是默认选项;
-l:与“-C”选项功能相反,所有输出信息用单列格式输出,不输出为多列;
-F:在每个输出项后追加文件的类型标识符,具体含义:“*”表示具有可执行权限的普通文件,“/”表示目录,“@”表示符号链接,“|”表示命令管道FIFO,“=”表示sockets套接字。当文件为普通文件时,不输出任何标识符;
-b:将文件中的不可输出的字符以反斜线“”加字符编码的方式输出;
-c:与“-lt”选项连用时,按照文件状态时间排序输出目录内容,排序的依据是文件的索引节点中的ctime字段。与“-l”选项连用时,则排序的一句是文件的状态改变时间;
-d:仅显示目录名,而不显示目录下的内容列表。显示符号链接文件本身,而不显示其所指向的目录列表;
-f:此参数的效果和同时指定“aU”参数相同,并关闭“lst”参数的效果;
-i:显示文件索引节点号(inode)。一个索引节点代表一个文件;
–file-type:与“-F”选项的功能相同,但是不显示“*”;
-k:以KB(千字节)为单位显示文件大小;
-l:以长格式显示目录下的内容列表。输出的信息从左到右依次包括文件名,文件类型、权限模式、硬连接数、所有者、组、文件大小和文件的最后修改时间等;
-m:用“,”号区隔每个文件和目录的名称;
-n:以用户识别码和群组识别码替代其名称;
-r:以文件名反序排列并输出目录内容列表;
-s:显示文件和目录的大小,以区块为单位;
-t:用文件和目录的更改时间排序;
-L:如果遇到性质为符号链接的文件或目录,直接列出该链接所指向的原始文件或目录;
-R:递归处理,将指定目录下的所有文件及子目录一并处理;
–full-time:列出完整的日期与时间;
–color[=WHEN]:使用不同的颜色高亮显示不同类型的。参数
目录:指定要显示列表的目录,也可以是具体的文件。
实例
显示当前目录下非影藏文件与目录
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog satools显示当前目录下包括影藏文件在内的所有文件列表
[root@localhost ~]# ls -a
. anaconda-ks.cfg .bash_logout .bashrc install.log .mysql_history satools .tcshrc .vimrc
.. .bash_history .bash_profile .cshrc install.log.syslog .rnd .ssh .viminfo输出长格式列表
[root@localhost ~]# ls -1
anaconda-ks.cfg
install.log
install.log.syslog
satools显示文件的inode信息
索引节点(index inode简称为“inode”)是Linux中一个特殊的概念,具有相同的索引节点号的两个文本本质上是同一个文件(除文件名不同外)。
[root@localhost ~]# ls -i -l anaconda-ks.cfg install.log
2345481 -rw——- 1 root root 859 Jun 11 22:49 anaconda-ks.cfg
2345474 -rw-r–r– 1 root root 13837 Jun 11 22:49 install.log水平输出文件列表
[root@localhost /]# ls -m
bin, boot, data, dev, etc, home, lib, lost+found, media, misc, mnt, opt, proc, root, sbin, selinux, srv, sys, tmp, usr, var修改最后一次编辑的文件
最近修改的文件显示在最上面。
[root@localhost /]# ls -t
tmp root etc dev lib boot sys proc data home bin sbin usr var lost+found media mnt opt selinux srv misc显示递归文件
[root@localhost ~]# ls -R
.:
anaconda-ks.cfg install.log install.log.syslog satools
./satools:
black.txt freemem.sh iptables.sh lnmp.sh mysql php502_check.sh ssh_safe.sh
打印文件的UID和GID
[root@localhost /]# ls -n
total 254
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
drwxr-xr-x 6 0 0 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
drwxr-xr-x 10 0 0 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
drwxr-xr-x 75 0 0 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
drwxr-xr-x 14 0 0 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
drwx—— 2 0 0 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 232 0 0 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
drwxr-x— 4 0 0 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 srv
drwxr-xr-x 11 0 0 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
drwxrwxrwt 3 0 0 98304 Oct 16 08:45 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 13 0 0 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
drwxr-xr-x 19 0 0 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
列出文件和文件夹的详细信息
[root@localhost /]# ls -l
total 254
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
drwx—— 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
drwxr-x— 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:48 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
列出可读文件和文件夹详细信息
[root@localhost /]# ls -lh
total 254K
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Jun 12 04:03 bin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1.0K Jun 15 14:45 boot
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 data
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3.5K Sep 26 15:38 dev
drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4.0K Oct 16 04:02 etc
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Jun 12 10:26 home
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12K Jun 16 04:02 lib
drwx—— 2 root root 16K Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Nov 8 2010 misc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 235 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
drwxr-x— 4 root root 4.0K Oct 15 14:43 root
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12K Jun 12 04:03 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 srv
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 96K Oct 16 08:49 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 usr
drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4.0K Jun 11 23:38 var
显示文件夹信息
[root@localhost /]# ls -ld /etc/
drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 /etc/
按时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息
[root@localhost /]# ls -lt
total 254
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:53 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
drwxr-x— 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
drwx—— 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
按修改时间列出文件和文件夹详细信息
[root@localhost /]# ls -ltr
total 254
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 8 2010 misc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 opt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
drwx—— 2 root root 16384 Jun 11 22:46 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 var
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Jun 11 23:38 usr
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Jun 12 04:03 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jun 12 04:03 bin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 home
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Jun 12 10:26 data
dr-xr-xr-x 232 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 proc
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Jun 15 11:04 sys
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Jun 15 14:45 boot
drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 12288 Jun 16 04:02 lib
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 3520 Sep 26 15:38 dev
drwxr-x— 4 root root 4096 Oct 15 14:43 root
drwxr-xr-x 75 root root 4096 Oct 16 04:02 etc
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 98304 Oct 16 08:54 tmp
按照特殊字符对文件进行分类
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls -F
auto/ CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf/ configure* contrib/ html/ LICENSE Makefile man/ objs/ README src/
列出文件并标记颜色分类
[root@localhost nginx-1.2.1]# ls –color=auto
auto CHANGES CHANGES.ru conf configure contrib html LICENSE Makefile man objs README src