命令均为以下环境:
[sql]
- [root@ www.linuxidc.com ~]# uname -a
- Linux simpleit.domain.cn 2.6.18-194.el5 #1 SMP Fri Apr 2 14:58:35 EDT 2010 i686 athlon i386 GNU/Linux
- [root@ www.linuxidc.com ~]# cat /etc/RedHat-release
- CentOS release 5.5 (Final)
%user 运行在用户模式下cpu使用百分比
%system 运行在系统模式下cpu使用百分比
%iowait 进程等待io时,空闲状态下cpu使用百分比
%idle 空闲状态下cpu使用百分比
[plain]
- [Oracle@simpleit ~]$ sar -u 10 8 –每10秒采样一次,共采样8次
- Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/17/2011
- 11:50:44 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
- 11:50:54 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 99.86
- 11:51:04 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 99.86
- 11:51:14 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 99.86
- 11:51:24 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.15 0.00 99.42
- 11:51:34 PM all 0.14 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 99.71
- 11:51:44 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
- 11:51:54 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
- 11:52:04 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 0.00 99.71
- Average: all 0.02 0.00 0.13 0.05 0.00 99.80
从以上输出结果可以检查出的问题:
低cpu空闲时间。
等待i/o或’%iowait > 10’所用时间的的高百分比。
%system > 15瓶颈,这可能说明交换,分页或备份会导致瓶颈。
%user异常高,这可能是由于没有正确调整应用程序或过度利用cpu。
[plain]
- [oracle@simpleit ~]$ sar -d 5 2 –查看磁盘块活动,每5秒采样一次,共采样2次
- Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011
- 12:13:23 AM DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util
- 12:13:28 AM dev8-0 2.31 0.00 59.94 26.00 0.00 0.75 0.25 0.06
- 12:13:28 AM dev8-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 12:13:28 AM dev8-2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 12:13:28 AM dev8-3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 12:13:28 AM dev8-4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 12:13:28 AM dev8-5 0.86 0.00 20.75 24.00 0.00 0.67 0.67 0.06
- 12:13:28 AM dev8-6 0.29 0.00 9.22 32.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.03
- 12:13:28 AM dev8-7 1.15 0.00 29.97 26.00 0.00 0.75 0.25 0.03
- 12:13:28 AM dev8-8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 12:13:28 AM DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util
- 12:13:33 AM dev8-0 2.91 0.00 81.40 28.00 0.00 0.70 0.30 0.09
- 12:13:33 AM dev8-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 12:13:33 AM dev8-2 0.58 0.00 20.93 36.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.03
- 12:13:33 AM dev8-3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 12:13:33 AM dev8-4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 12:13:33 AM dev8-5 0.87 0.00 20.93 24.00 0.00 0.67 0.67 0.06
- 12:13:33 AM dev8-6 0.29 0.00 9.30 32.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.03
- 12:13:33 AM dev8-7 1.16 0.00 30.23 26.00 0.00 0.75 0.25 0.03
- 12:13:33 AM dev8-8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- Average: DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util
- Average: dev8-0 2.60 0.00 70.62 27.11 0.00 0.72 0.28 0.07
- Average: dev8-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- Average: dev8-2 0.29 0.00 10.42 36.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.01
- Average: dev8-3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- Average: dev8-4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- Average: dev8-5 0.87 0.00 20.84 24.00 0.00 0.67 0.67 0.06
- Average: dev8-6 0.29 0.00 9.26 32.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.03
- Average: dev8-7 1.16 0.00 30.10 26.00 0.00 0.75 0.25 0.03
- Average: dev8-8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
- -d Report activity for each block device (kernels 2.4 and newer only). When data is displayed, the device specifi-
- cation dev m-n is generally used ( DEV column). m is the major number of the device. With recent kernels (post
- 2.5), n is the minor number of the device, but is only a sequence number with pre 2.5 kernels. Device names may
- also be pretty-printed if option -p is used (see below). Values for fields avgqu-sz, await, svctm and %util may
- be unavailable and displayed as 0.00 with some 2.4 kernels.
- tps
- Indicate the number of transfers per second that were issued to the device. Multiple logical requests can
- be combined into a single I/O request to the device. A transfer is of indeterminate size.
- rd_sec/s
- Number of sectors read from the device. The size of a sector is 512 bytes.
- wr_sec/s
- Number of sectors written to the device. The size of a sector is 512 bytes.
- avgrq-sz
- The average size (in sectors) of the requests that were issued to the device.
- avgqu-sz
- The average queue length of the requests that were issued to the device.
- await
- The average time (in milliseconds) for I/O requests issued to the device to be served. This includes the
- time spent by the requests in queue and the time spent servicing them.
- svctm
- The average service time (in milliseconds) for I/O requests that were issued to the device.
- %util
- Percentage of CPU time during which I/O requests were issued to the device (bandwidth utilization for the
- device). Device saturation occurs when this value is close to 100%.
- [root@ www.linuxidc.com ~]# sar -b –查看io传输速率
- Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011
- 12:00:01 AM tps rtps wtps bread/s bwrtn/s
- 12:10:01 AM 15.78 4.32 11.46 134.88 291.99
- 12:20:01 AM 10.15 1.30 8.85 38.04 206.96
- 12:30:01 AM 10.55 1.50 9.04 44.09 208.99
- 12:40:01 AM 10.04 1.32 8.72 38.48 205.54
- 12:50:01 AM 8.82 1.20 7.63 34.99 171.41
- 01:00:01 AM 10.81 1.44 9.37 42.02 223.72
- 01:10:01 AM 15.46 4.40 11.05 137.44 270.27
- 01:20:01 AM 9.42 1.29 8.13 37.79 194.48
- 01:30:01 AM 11.21 1.52 9.69 44.56 211.02
- 01:40:01 AM 10.77 1.32 9.45 38.57 231.18
- 01:50:01 AM 10.45 1.64 8.81 45.58 204.63
- 02:00:01 AM 9.85 1.49 8.35 43.70 200.58
- 02:10:01 AM 14.83 4.37 10.45 136.45 253.21
- 02:20:01 AM 10.14 1.52 8.63 44.47 205.64
- 02:30:02 AM 9.51 1.29 8.23 37.59 197.37
- 02:40:01 AM 10.03 1.39 8.64 40.93 202.56
- 02:50:01 AM 15.52 2.42 13.10 73.29 272.83
- 03:00:01 AM 10.96 1.19 9.76 35.03 263.64
- 03:10:02 AM 17.09 4.72 12.37 146.89 323.97
- 03:20:01 AM 11.09 1.52 9.57 44.62 223.70
- 03:30:01 AM 10.55 1.32 9.24 38.57 218.33
- 03:40:52 AM 10.69 1.41 9.28 41.26 214.51
- 03:50:01 AM 10.78 1.41 9.37 41.15 226.49
- 04:00:01 AM 10.26 1.17 9.09 34.22 215.73
- 04:10:01 AM 16.33 4.71 11.63 146.05 329.41
- 04:20:01 AM 10.27 1.45 8.82 42.33 206.00
- 04:30:01 AM 40.58 28.60 11.98 317.29 388.75
- Average: tps rtps wtps bread/s bwrtn/s
- Average: 12.83 3.16 9.67 71.88 236.68
- -b Report I/O and transfer rate statistics. The following values are displayed:
- tps
- Total number of transfers per second that were issued to physical devices. A
- transfer is an I/O request to a physical device. Multiple logical requests
- can be combined into a single I/O request to the device. A transfer is of
- indeterminate size.
- rtps
- Total number of read requests per second issued to physical devices.
- wtps
- Total number of write requests per second issued to physical devices.
- bread/s
- Total amount of data read from the devices in blocks per second. Blocks are
- equivalent to sectors with 2.4 kernels and newer and therefore have a size of
- 512 bytes. With older kernels, a block is of indeterminate size.
- bwrtn/s
- Total amount of data written to devices in blocks per second.
- [root@ www.linuxidc.com ~]# sar -q –查看队列长度和load averages,队列越小越好
- Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011
- 12:00:01 AM runq-sz plist-sz ldavg-1 ldavg-5 ldavg-15
- 12:10:01 AM 1 154 0.03 0.02 0.00
- 12:20:01 AM 1 154 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 12:30:01 AM 2 158 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 12:40:01 AM 1 158 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 12:50:01 AM 0 145 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 01:00:01 AM 1 144 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 01:10:01 AM 0 143 0.02 0.03 0.00
- 01:20:01 AM 2 143 0.24 0.05 0.02
- 01:30:01 AM 2 142 0.00 0.01 0.00
- 01:40:01 AM 0 142 0.01 0.01 0.00
- 01:50:01 AM 0 142 0.01 0.02 0.00
- 02:00:01 AM 0 142 0.01 0.00 0.00
- 02:10:01 AM 0 142 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 02:20:01 AM 1 143 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 02:30:02 AM 0 143 0.07 0.02 0.00
- 02:40:01 AM 1 143 0.03 0.01 0.00
- 02:50:01 AM 0 142 0.05 0.01 0.00
- 03:00:01 AM 0 142 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 03:10:02 AM 2 143 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 03:20:01 AM 0 143 0.04 0.03 0.00
- 03:30:01 AM 2 142 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 03:40:52 AM 1 144 0.40 0.08 0.03
- 03:50:01 AM 0 144 0.00 0.02 0.00
- 04:00:01 AM 0 145 0.00 0.01 0.00
- 04:10:01 AM 0 143 0.03 0.03 0.00
- 04:20:01 AM 0 143 0.00 0.00 0.00
- 04:30:01 AM 0 154 0.15 0.63 0.36
- 04:30:01 AM runq-sz plist-sz ldavg-1 ldavg-5 ldavg-15
- 04:40:01 AM 1 160 0.00 0.15 0.21
- 04:50:01 AM 1 152 0.03 0.04 0.13
- 05:00:01 AM 1 155 0.00 0.00 0.07
- Average: 1 146 0.04 0.04 0.03
- -q Report queue length and load averages. The following values are displayed:
- runq-sz
- Run queue length (number of processes waiting for run time).
- plist-sz
- Number of processes and threads in the process list.
- ldavg-1
- System load average for the last minute.
- ldavg-5
- System load average for the past 5 minutes.
- ldavg-15
- System load average for the past 15 minutes.
- [root@ www.linuxidc.com ~]# sar -B –查看分页信息
- Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011
- 12:00:01 AM pgpgin/s pgpgout/s fault/s majflt/s
- 12:10:01 AM 33.72 73.00 148.99 0.00
- 12:20:01 AM 9.51 51.74 28.18 0.00
- 12:30:01 AM 11.02 52.25 38.95 0.00
- 12:40:01 AM 9.62 51.38 23.46 0.00
- 12:50:01 AM 8.75 42.85 36.53 0.00
- 01:00:01 AM 10.51 55.93 113.14 0.00
- 01:10:01 AM 34.36 67.57 133.89 0.00
- 01:20:01 AM 9.45 48.62 13.46 0.00
- 01:30:01 AM 11.14 52.76 33.40 0.00
- 01:40:01 AM 9.64 57.80 53.93 0.00
- 01:50:01 AM 11.39 51.16 26.90 0.00
- 02:00:01 AM 10.92 50.15 15.03 0.00
- 02:10:01 AM 34.11 63.30 71.48 0.00
- 02:20:01 AM 11.12 51.41 30.74 0.00
- 02:30:02 AM 9.40 49.34 13.41 0.00
- 02:40:01 AM 10.23 50.64 24.54 0.00
- 02:50:01 AM 18.32 68.21 75.52 0.00
- 03:00:01 AM 8.76 65.91 15.04 0.00
- 03:10:02 AM 36.72 81.01 174.94 0.00
- 03:20:01 AM 11.16 55.90 102.84 0.00
- 03:30:01 AM 9.64 54.58 103.05 0.00
- 03:40:52 AM 10.31 53.63 113.14 0.00
- 03:50:01 AM 10.29 56.62 84.43 0.00
- 04:00:01 AM 8.55 53.93 121.55 0.00
- 04:10:01 AM 36.51 82.35 497.64 0.00
- 04:20:01 AM 10.58 51.69 23.54 0.00
- 04:30:01 AM 79.32 97.02 22818.85 0.00
- 04:30:01 AM pgpgin/s pgpgout/s fault/s majflt/s
- 04:40:01 AM 10.57 56.57 136.40 0.00
- 04:50:01 AM 8.15 51.25 94.58 0.00
- 05:00:01 AM 9.63 55.48 95.60 0.00
- 05:10:01 AM 39.76 69.12 101.28 0.03
- 05:20:01 AM 9.37 50.82 40.03 0.00
- Average: 17.58 58.77 899.74 0.00
- -B Report paging statistics. The following values are displayed:
- pgpgin/s
- Total number of kilobytes the system paged in from disk per second. Note:
- With old kernels (2.2.x) this value is a number of blocks per second (and not
- kilobytes).–每秒换进数(kilobytes)
- pgpgout/s
- Total number of kilobytes the system paged out to disk per second. Note:
- With old kernels (2.2.x) this value is a number of blocks per second (and not
- kilobytes).–每秒换出数(kilobytes)
- fault/s
- Number of page faults (major + minor) made by the system per second (post 2.5
- kernels only). This is not a count of page faults that generate I/O, because
- some page faults can be resolved without I/O.
- majflt/s
- Number of major faults the system has made per second, those which have
- required loading a memory page from disk (post 2.5 kernels only).
- [root@ www.linuxidc.com ~]# sar -W –查看交换信息
- Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011
- 12:00:01 AM pswpin/s pswpout/s
- 12:10:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 12:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 12:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 12:40:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 12:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 01:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 01:10:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 01:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 01:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 01:40:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 01:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 02:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 02:10:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 02:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 02:30:02 AM 0.00 0.00
- 02:40:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 02:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 03:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 03:10:02 AM 0.00 0.00
- 03:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 03:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 03:40:52 AM 0.00 0.00
- 03:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 04:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 04:10:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 04:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 04:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 04:40:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 04:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 05:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 05:10:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 05:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- 05:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00
- Average: 0.00 0.00
- -W Report swapping statistics. The following values are displayed:
- pswpin/s
- Total number of swap pages the system brought in per second.
- pswpout/s
- Total number of swap pages the system brought out per second.
- [root@ www.linuxidc.com ~]# sar -r –查看空闲内存与空闲交换信息
- Linux 2.6.18-194.el5 (simpleit.domain.cn) 12/18/2011
- 12:00:01 AM kbmemfree kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbswpfree kbswpused %swpused kbswpcad
- 12:10:01 AM 40752 969972 95.97 120780 647636 714880 4 0.00 0
- 12:20:01 AM 40504 970220 95.99 120888 647664 714880 4 0.00 0
- 12:30:01 AM 39512 971212 96.09 120976 647688 714880 4 0.00 0
- 12:40:01 AM 39388 971336 96.10 121068 647692 714880 4 0.00 0
- 12:50:01 AM 41556 969168 95.89 121212 647716 714880 4 0.00 0
- 01:00:01 AM 42864 967860 95.76 121300 647740 714880 4 0.00 0
- 01:10:01 AM 44308 966416 95.62 121364 647764 714880 4 0.00 0
- 01:20:01 AM 44280 966444 95.62 121420 647764 714880 4 0.00 0
- 01:30:01 AM 45640 965084 95.48 121516 647800 714880 4 0.00 0
- 01:40:01 AM 45612 965112 95.49 121576 647808 714880 4 0.00 0
- 01:50:01 AM 45584 965140 95.49 121676 647832 714880 4 0.00 0
- 02:00:01 AM 45584 965140 95.49 121752 647844 714880 4 0.00 0
- 02:10:01 AM 45308 965416 95.52 121844 647856 714880 4 0.00 0
- 02:20:01 AM 43796 966928 95.67 121908 647880 714880 4 0.00 0
- 02:30:02 AM 43768 966956 95.67 121988 647892 714880 4 0.00 0
- 02:40:01 AM 43768 966956 95.67 122064 647908 714880 4 0.00 0
- 02:50:01 AM 44880 965844 95.56 122152 647928 714880 4 0.00 0
- 03:00:01 AM 44880 965844 95.56 122244 647928 714880 4 0.00 0
- 03:10:02 AM 43160 967564 95.73 122344 647960 714880 4 0.00 0
- 03:20:01 AM 42964 967760 95.75 122460 647976 714880 4 0.00 0
- 03:30:01 AM 44504 966220 95.60 122548 647988 714880 4 0.00 0
- 03:40:52 AM 39240 971484 96.12 122700 647984 714880 4 0.00 0
- 03:50:01 AM 41396 969328 95.90 122716 648020 714880 4 0.00 0
- 04:00:01 AM 39360 971364 96.11 122716 648044 714880 4 0.00 0
- 04:10:01 AM 42720 968004 95.77 122752 648116 714880 4 0.00 0
- 04:20:01 AM 42720 968004 95.77 122752 648132 714880 4 0.00 0
- 04:30:01 AM 15888 994836 98.43 122740 656040 714880 4 0.00 0
- 04:40:01 AM 15316 995408 98.48 122824 652124 714880 4 0.00 0
- 04:50:01 AM 25372 985352 97.49 122928 649576 714880 4 0.00 0
- 05:00:01 AM 26004 984720 97.43 123044 649596 714880 4 0.00 0
- 05:10:01 AM 23680 987044 97.66 123144 650828 714880 4 0.00 0
- 05:20:01 AM 27604 983120 97.27 123228 650852 714880 4 0.00 0
- 05:30:01 AM 22676 988048 97.76 123320 650872 714880 4 0.00 0
- Average: 38624 972100 96.18 122120 648620 714880 4 0.00 0
- -r Report memory and swap space utilization statistics. The following values are displayed:
- kbmemfree
- Amount of free memory available in kilobytes. 空闲内存(kilobytes)
- kbmemused
- Amount of used memory in kilobytes. This does not take into account memory used by the kernel itself.
- %memused
- Percentage of used memory.
- kbbuffers
- Amount of memory used as buffers by the kernel in kilobytes.
- kbcached
- Amount of memory used to cache data by the kernel in kilobytes.
- kbswpfree
- Amount of free swap space in kilobytes.空闲交换(kilobytes)
- kbswpused
- Amount of used swap space in kilobytes.
- %swpused
- Percentage of used swap space.
- kbswpcad
- Amount of cached swap memory in kilobytes. This is memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but still also is in the swap
- area (if memory is needed it doesn’t need to be swapped out again because it is already in the swap area. This saves I/O).
当空闲内存低于一定值后,系统就开始分页(很高的换页数(sar -B) ),说明内存不足),如果它继续下降,系统就开始将一些进程交换出去,这是系统性能快速恶化的信号,可以查找占用过多内存的进程,或者是否存在过多的进程,所以修正内存的不正常使用或增大内存才是正确的解决之道。