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Linux下写自己的ls命令

作者:曹忠明,华清远见嵌入式学院讲师。


ls命令是linux下最常用的命令之一,它的使用很简单,可是功能却很多,有很多的参数,这里我们就自己写一个ls命令,实现ls基本的功能。在这之前我们先介绍几个在实现ls过程中使用的函数。


stat/lstat函数


这两个函数功能基本相同,都是获得文件的属性,区别在于如果文件是符号链接stat返回的是符号链接指向文件的属性,而lstat返回的是符号链接本身的属性。


函数原型:


int stat(const char *path, struct stat *buf);
        int lstat(const char *path, struct stat *buf);


path为文件路径,buf为返回的状态,类型为struct stat,结构体内容为:


struct stat {
                dev_t        st_dev;        /* ID of device containing file */
                ino_t         st_ino;         /* inode number */
                mode_t        st_mode;         /* protection */
                nlink_t         st_nlink;          /* number of hard links */
                uid_t          st_uid;          /* user ID of owner */
                gid_t         st_gid;          /* group ID of owner */
                dev_t         st_rdev;          /* device ID (if special file) */
                off_t          st_size;          /* total size, in bytes */
                blksize_t st_blksize; /* blocksize for file system I/O */
                blkcnt_t         st_blocks;         /* number of 512B blocks allocated */
                time_t        st_atime;        /* time of last access */
                time_t        st_mtime;        /* time of last modification */
                time_t        st_ctime;        /* time of last status change */
        };


这个结构体中成员st_mode用来表示文件的类型和文件的权限,它的定义如下:


S_IFMT        0170000        bit mask for the file type bit fields
        S_IFSOCK        0140000        socket
        S_IFLNK        0120000        symbolic link
        S_IFREG         0100000        regular file
        S_IFBLK         0060000        block device
        S_IFDIR         0040000        directory
        S_IFCHR        0020000          character device
        S_IFIFO        0010000        FIFO
        S_ISUID          0004000        set UID bit
        S_ISGID        0002000         set-group-ID bit (see below)
        S_ISVTX        0001000        sticky bit (see below)
        S_IRWXU         00700         mask for file owner permissions
        S_IRUSR          00400         owner has read permission
        S_IWUSR          00200         owner has write permission
        S_IXUSR         00100         owner has execute permission
         S_IRWXG          00070         mask for group permissions
        S_IRGRP         00040        group has read permission
        S_IWGRP         00020          group has write permission
        S_IXGRP        00010          group has execute permission
        S_IRWXO         00007         mask for permissions for others (not in group)
        S_IROTH          00004          others have read permission
        S_IWOTH         00002         others have write permission
        S_IXOTH          00001         others have execute permission


我们可以通过下面宏来判断文件的类型


S_ISREG(m)    is it a regular file?
        S_ISDIR(m)    directory?
        S_ISCHR(m)    character device?
        S_ISBLK(m)    block device?
        S_ISFIFO(m) FIFO (named pipe)?
        S_ISLNK(m)    symbolic link? (Not in POSIX.1-1996.)
        S_ISSOCK(m)  socket? (Not in POSIX.1-1996.)


接着我们就实现ls的第一步:获得文件的属性







这个例子只能实现查看一个特定文件的属性,而ls实现的功能是如果是文件则显示文件属性,如果是目录则显示目录中各个文件的属性。
这些功能需要的函数为:


opendir/readdir函数用来获取目录项


原型:


DIR *opendir(const char *name);
        struct dirent *readdir(DIR *dirp);
        struct dirent描述目录中每一项的内容
        struct dirent {
        ino_t        d_ino;         /* inode number */
        off_t        d_off;        /* offset to the next dirent */
        unsigned short d_reclen;         /* length of this record */
        unsigned char d_type;        /* type of file; not supported by all file system types */
        char         d_name[256]; /* filename */
        };


getopt用来实现命令选项功能:


原型:


int getopt(int argc, char * const argv[], const char *optstring);
                extern char *optarg;
        extern int optind, opterr, optopt;


readlink读取符号链接内容:


原型:


ssize_t readlink(const char *path, char *buf, size_t bufsiz);
        path为符号链接路径
        buf为符号链接内容
        bufsize为要获得内容长度
        文件按照属性显示颜色
        033[mode;foreground;backgroundmhello\033[0m


mode为显示模式:
        0、1、22、4、24、5、25、7、27,分别表示设定颜色、黑体、非黑体、下画线、非下画线、闪烁、非闪烁、翻转、非翻转。


foreground为前景颜色:
        30 (黑色)、31 (红色)、32 (绿色)、33 (黄色)、34 (蓝色)、35 ( 紫红色)、36 (青色)和37 (白色)


background为背景颜色:
        40 (黑色)、41 (红色)、42 (绿色)、43 (黄色)、44 (蓝色)、45 ( 紫红色)、46 (青色)和47 (白色)


实现如下:













结果:



这里只实现了ls的部分功能,后面还会继续完成其余的功能!

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