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Linux tar命令详解

最近在Linux下使用tar命令,老把参数弄混。遂决定写此文以备查询使用。在Linux下查看tar命令帮助:tar –help会出现一大片的信息,最后。

Usage: tar [OPTION…] [FILE]…
GNU `tar’ saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can
restore individual files from the archive.Examples:
  tar -cf archive.tar foo bar  # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar.
  tar -tvf archive.tar        # List all files in archive.tar verbosely.
  tar -xf archive.tar          # Extract all files from archive.tar. Main operation mode:  -A, –catenate, –concatenate  append tar files to an archive
  -c, –create              create a new archive
  -d, –diff, –compare      find differences between archive and file system
      –delete              delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!)
  -r, –append              append files to the end of an archive
  -t, –list                list the contents of an archive
      –test-label          test the archive volume label and exit
  -u, –update              only append files newer than copy in archive
  -x, –extract, –get      extract files from an archive Operation modifiers:      –check-device        check device numbers when creating incremental
                            archives (default)
  -g, –listed-incremental=FILE  handle new GNU-format incremental backup
  -G, –incremental          handle old GNU-format incremental backup
      –ignore-failed-read  do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files
      –level=NUMBER        dump level for created listed-incremental archive
  -n, –seek                archive is seekable
      –no-check-device      do not check device numbers when creating
                            incremental archives
      –no-seek              archive is not seekable
      –occurrence[=NUMBER]  process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file
                            in the archive; this option is valid only in
                            conjunction with one of the subcommands –delete,
                            –diff, –extract or –list and when a list of
                            files is given either on the command line or via
                            the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1
      –sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR]
                            set version of the sparse format to use (implies
                            –sparse)
  -S, –sparse              handle sparse files efficiently Overwrite control:  -k, –keep-old-files      don’t replace existing files when extracting
      –keep-newer-files    don’t replace existing files that are newer than
                            their archive copies
      –no-overwrite-dir    preserve metadata of existing directories
      –overwrite            overwrite existing files when extracting
      –overwrite-dir        overwrite metadata of existing directories when
                            extracting (default)
      –recursive-unlink    empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory
      –remove-files        remove files after adding them to the archive
  -U, –unlink-first        remove each file prior to extracting over it
  -W, –verify              attempt to verify the archive after writing it Select output stream:      –ignore-command-error ignore exit codes of children
      –no-ignore-command-error  treat non-zero exit codes of children as
                            error
  -O, –to-stdout            extract files to standard output
      –to-command=COMMAND  pipe extracted files to another program Handling of file attributes:      –acls                Save the ACLs to the archive
      –atime-preserve[=METHOD]  preserve access times on dumped files, either
                            by restoring the times after reading
                            (METHOD=’replace’; default) or by not setting the
                            times in the first place (METHOD=’system’)
      –delay-directory-restore  delay setting modification times and
                            permissions of extracted directories until the end
                            of extraction
      –group=NAME          force NAME as group for added files
      –mode=CHANGES        force (symbolic) mode CHANGES for added files
      –mtime=DATE-OR-FILE  set mtime for added files from DATE-OR-FILE
  -m, –touch                don’t extract file modified time
      –no-acls              Don’t extract the ACLs from the archive
      –no-delay-directory-restore
                            cancel the effect of –delay-directory-restore
                            option
      –no-same-owner        extract files as yourself (default for ordinary
                            users)
      –no-same-permissions  apply the user’s umask when extracting permissions
                            from the archive (default for ordinary users)
      –no-selinux          Don’t extract the SELinux context from the archive
                           
      –no-xattrs            Don’t extract the user/root xattrs from the
                            archive
      –numeric-owner        always use numbers for user/group names
      –owner=NAME          force NAME as owner for added files
  -p, –preserve-permissions, –same-permissions
                            extract information about file permissions
                            (default for superuser)
      –preserve            same as both -p and -s
      –same-owner          try extracting files with the same ownership as
                            exists in the archive (default for superuser)
  -s, –preserve-order, –same-order
                            sort names to extract to match archive
      –selinux              Save the SELinux context to the archive
      –xattrs              Save the user/root xattrs to the archive Device selection and switching:  -f, –file=ARCHIVE        use archive file or device ARCHIVE
      –force-local          archive file is local even if it has a colon
  -F, –info-script=NAME, –new-volume-script=NAME
                            run script at end of each tape (implies -M)
  -L, –tape-length=NUMBER  change tape after writing NUMBER x 1024 bytes
  -M, –multi-volume        create/list/extract multi-volume archive
      –rmt-command=COMMAND  use given rmt COMMAND instead of rmt
      –rsh-command=COMMAND  use remote COMMAND instead of rsh
      –volno-file=FILE      use/update the volume number in FILE Device blocking:  -b, –blocking-factor=BLOCKS  BLOCKS x 512 bytes per record
  -B, –read-full-records    reblock as we read (for 4.2BSD pipes)
  -i, –ignore-zeros        ignore zeroed blocks in archive (means EOF)
      –record-size=NUMBER  NUMBER of bytes per record, multiple of 512 Archive format selection:  -H, –format=FORMAT        create archive of the given format FORMAT is one of the following:    gnu                      GNU tar 1.13.x format
    oldgnu                  GNU format as per tar <= 1.12
    pax                      POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format
    posix                    same as pax
    ustar                    POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format
    v7                      old V7 tar format      –old-archive, –portability
                            same as –format=v7
      –pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]…
                            control pax keywords
      –posix                same as –format=posix
  -V, –label=TEXT          create archive with volume name TEXT; at
                            list/extract time, use TEXT as a globbing pattern
                            for volume name Compression options:  -a, –auto-compress        use archive suffix to determine the compression
                            program
  -I, –use-compress-program=PROG
                            filter through PROG (must accept -d)
  -j, –bzip2                filter the archive through bzip2
  -J, –xz                  filter the archive through xz
      –lzip                filter the archive through lzip
      –lzma                filter the archive through lzma
      –lzop
      –no-auto-compress    do not use archive suffix to determine the
                            compression program
  -z, –gzip, –gunzip, –ungzip  filter the archive through gzip
  -Z, –compress, –uncompress  filter the archive through compress Local file selection:      –add-file=FILE        add given FILE to the archive (useful if its name
                            starts with a dash)
      –backup[=CONTROL]    backup before removal, choose version CONTROL
  -C, –directory=DIR        change to directory DIR
      –exclude=PATTERN      exclude files, given as a PATTERN
      –exclude-backups      exclude backup and lock files
      –exclude-caches      exclude contents of directories containing
                            CACHEDIR.TAG, except for the tag file itself
      –exclude-caches-all  exclude directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG
      –exclude-caches-under exclude everything under directories containing
                            CACHEDIR.TAG
      –exclude-tag=FILE    exclude contents of directories containing FILE,
                            except for FILE itself
      –exclude-tag-all=FILE exclude directories containing FILE
      –exclude-tag-under=FILE  exclude everything under directories
                            containing FILE
      –exclude-vcs          exclude version control system directories
  -h, –dereference          follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they
                            point to
      –hard-dereference    follow hard links; archive and dump the files they
                            refer to
  -K, –starting-file=MEMBER-NAME
                            begin at member MEMBER-NAME in the archive
      –newer-mtime=DATE    compare date and time when data changed only
      –no-null              disable the effect of the previous –null option
      –no-recursion        avoid descending automatically in directories
      –no-unquote          do not unquote filenames read with -T
      –null                -T reads null-terminated names, disable -C
  -N, –newer=DATE-OR-FILE, –after-date=DATE-OR-FILE
                            only store files newer than DATE-OR-FILE
      –one-file-system      stay in local file system when creating archive
  -P, –absolute-names      don’t strip leading `/’s from file names
      –recursion            recurse into directories (default)
      –suffix=STRING        backup before removal, override usual suffix (‘~’
                            unless overridden by environment variable
                            SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX)
  -T, –files-from=FILE      get names to extract or create from FILE
      –unquote              unquote filenames read with -T (default)
  -X, –exclude-from=FILE    exclude patterns listed in FILE File name transformations:      –strip-components=NUMBER  strip NUMBER leading components from file
                            names on extraction
      –transform=EXPRESSION, –xform=EXPRESSION
                            use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file
                            names File name matching options (affect both exclude and include patterns):      –anchored            patterns match file name start
      –ignore-case          ignore case
      –no-anchored          patterns match after any `/’ (default for
                            exclusion)
      –no-ignore-case      case sensitive matching (default)
      –no-wildcards        verbatim string matching
      –no-wildcards-match-slash  wildcards do not match `/’
      –wildcards            use wildcards (default)
      –wildcards-match-slash  wildcards match `/’ (default for exclusion) Informative output:      –checkpoint[=NUMBER]  display progress messages every NUMBERth record
                            (default 10)
      –checkpoint-action=ACTION  execute ACTION on each checkpoint
      –index-file=FILE      send verbose output to FILE
  -l, –check-links          print a message if not all links are dumped
      –no-quote-chars=STRING  disable quoting for characters from STRING
      –quote-chars=STRING  additionally quote characters from STRING
      –quoting-style=STYLE  set name quoting style; see below for valid STYLE
                            values
  -R, –block-number        show block number within archive with each
                            message
      –show-defaults        show tar defaults
      –show-omitted-dirs    when listing or extracting, list each directory
                            that does not match search criteria
      –show-transformed-names, –show-stored-names
                            show file or archive names after transformation
      –totals[=SIGNAL]      print total bytes after processing the archive;
                            with an argument – print total bytes when this
                            SIGNAL is delivered; Allowed signals are: SIGHUP,
                            SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2; the names
                            without SIG prefix are also accepted
      –utc                  print file modification dates in UTC
  -v, –verbose              verbosely list files processed
      –warning=KEYWORD      warning control
  -w, –interactive, –confirmation
                            ask for confirmation for every action Compatibility options:  -o                        when creating, same as –old-archive; when
                            extracting, same as –no-same-owner Other options:  -?, –help                give this help list
      –restrict            disable use of some potentially harmful options
      –usage                give a short usage message
      –version              print program versionMandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.The backup suffix is `~’, unless set with –suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
The version control may be set with –backup or VERSION_CONTROL, values are:  none, off      never make backups
  t, numbered    make numbered backups
  nil, existing  numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
  never, simple  always make simple backupsValid arguments for the –quoting-style option are:  literal
  shell
  shell-always
  c
  c-maybe
  escape
  locale
  clocale*This* tar defaults to:
–format=gnu -f- -b20 –quoting-style=escape –rmt-command=/sbin/rmt
–rsh-command=/usr/bin/rshReport bugs to <bug-tar@gnu.org>.

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