菜鸟学习之Linux‘ls’命令实例

‘ls’命令是Linux下用来显示文件目录及其目录列表的。在下方的带有每个命令简短叙述的命令列表中，有几个是有不同用法的。在这次专栏里面，我们列举了对入门学习非常有用的十几个命令。

ls命令格式如下所示：

#ls[选项][文件][目录]

注意：想知道更详细的ls命令信息，请查阅ls手册

例子1：列举当前工作目录的文件以及路径

[root@localhost /]# ls

bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root sbin selinux srv sys tmp usr var

[root@localhost /]#

例子2：列举当前当前路径的详细信息

[root@localhost /]# ls -l

total 94

dr-xr-xr-x.  2 root root  4096 Nov 23 03:13 bin

dr-xr-xr-x.  5 root root  1024 Nov 23 05:29 boot

drwxr-xr-x  10 root root  4096 Nov 23 03:42 cgroup

drwxr-xr-x  18 root root  3680 Dec 12 21:32 dev

drwxr-xr-x. 64 root root  4096 Dec 12 21:32 etc

drwxr-xr-x  8 root root  4096 Jul 19 02:43 home

dr-xr-xr-x.  8 root root  4096 May  3  2014 lib

dr-xr-xr-x.  8 root root 12288 Nov 23 03:13 lib64

-rw-r–r–  1 root root    72 Dec 12 21:40 linux-stuff

drwx——.  2 root root 16384 May  3  2014 lost+found

drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root  4096 Sep 23  2011 media

drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root  4096 Jun 22 01:14 mnt

…………………………………………..

列子3:列举指定路径的内容

[root@localhost /]# ls -l /tmp/

total 8

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 0 Aug 3 14:31 bad-blocks.txt

drwx——. 2 root root 4096 May 3 2014 gpg-auCCFn

-rw——-. 1 root root 0 May 3 2014 yum.log

-rw——- 1 root root 1428 Nov 23 03:58 yum_save_tx-2014-11-23-03-58BHO8Jg.yumtx

如果只是想列举文件路径而不需要其中的内容，用’ld’命令，操作如下

[root@localhost /]# ls -ld /tmp/

drwxrwxrwt. 4 root root 4096 Dec 12 21:34 /tmp/

例子4：显示当前路径的所有文件，以及文件类型

[root@localhost /]# ls -F

bin/ cgroup/ etc/ lib/ linux-stuff media/ opt/ root/ selinux/ sys/ usr/

boot/ dev/ home/ lib64/ lost+found/ mnt/ proc/ sbin/ srv/ tmp/ var/

[root@localhost /]#

如果我们用ls命令中的‘F’操作，在所有的文件目录之后会追加一个/，普通文件之后没有

例子5：列举当前目录下的所有文件，并显示详细并以建立时间由短到长的方式排列

[root@localhost /]# ls -lt

total 94

-rw-r–r–  1 root root    72 Dec 12 21:40 linux-stuff

dr-xr-xr-x  13 root root    0 Dec 12 21:36 sys

drwxrwxrwt.  4 root root  4096 Dec 12 21:34 tmp

drwxr-xr-x  18 root root  3680 Dec 12 21:32 dev

drwxr-xr-x. 64 root root  4096 Dec 12 21:32 etc

dr-xr-xr-x  95 root root    0 Dec 12 21:31 proc

dr-xr-xr-x.  5 root root  1024 Nov 23 05:29 boot

drwxr-xr-x  10 root root  4096 Nov 23 03:42 cgroup

dr-xr-xr-x.  2 root root  4096 Nov 23 03:13 sbin

dr-xr-xr-x.  8 root root 12288 Nov 23 03:13 lib64

dr-xr-xr-x.  2 root root  4096 Nov 23 03:13 bin

dr-xr-x—.  5 root root  4096 Nov 23 02:53 root

drwxr-xr-x. 18 root root  4096 Aug 24 05:14 var

drwxr-xr-x  8 root root  4096 Jul 19 02:43 home

……………………….

例子6：显示当前路径的所有文件的文件大小，以可读形式显示（如：1K，234M,2G）

[root@localhost /]# ls -lh

total 94K

dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Nov 23 03:13 bin

dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 1.0K Nov 23 05:29 boot

drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4.0K Nov 23 03:42 cgroup

drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 3.6K Dec 12 21:32 dev

drwxr-xr-x. 64 root root 4.0K Dec 12 21:32 etc

drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4.0K Jul 19 02:43 home

dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 4.0K May 3 2014 lib

dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 12K Nov 23 03:13 lib64

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 72 Dec 12 21:40 linux-stuff

drwx——. 2 root root 16K May 3 2014 lost+found

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Sep 23 2011 media

drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4.0K Jun 22 01:14 mnt

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jun 22 01:25 opt

………………………………..

例子7：显示所有文件，包括隐藏的文件，当前路径的文件显示详细信息

[root@localhost /]# ls -la

total 102

dr-xr-xr-x. 23 root root 4096 Dec 12 21:49 .

dr-xr-xr-x. 23 root root 4096 Dec 12 21:49 ..

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 0 Dec 12 21:32 .autofsck

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 0 Jul 19 02:17 .autorelabel

dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Nov 23 03:13 bin

dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 1024 Nov 23 05:29 boot

drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Nov 23 03:42 cgroup

drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 3680 Dec 12 21:32 dev

drwxr-xr-x. 64 root root 4096 Dec 12 21:32 etc

drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jul 19 02:43 home

dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 4096 May 3 2014 lib

dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 12288 Nov 23 03:13 lib64

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 0 Dec 12 21:48 .linux-rocks

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 72 Dec 12 21:40 linux-stuff

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 0 Dec 12 21:49 .linux-tips

drwx——. 2 root root 16384 May 3 2014 lost+found

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 23 2011 media

…………………………………………………………

例子8：用递归的方式列举/etc路径的内容

[root@localhost /]# ls -R /etc/

/etc/:

adjtime

aliases

aliases.db

alternatives

anacrontab

audisp

audit

bash_completion.d

bashrc

blkid

CentOS-release

……………………..

例子9：以文件大小的方式排列文件

[root@localhost /]# ls -lhS

total 13M

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 12M Dec 12 22:05 linux-stuff

drwx——. 2 root root 16K May 3 2014 lost+found

dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 12K Nov 23 03:13 lib64

dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Nov 23 03:13 bin

drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4.0K Nov 23 03:42 cgroup

drwxr-xr-x. 64 root root 4.0K Dec 12 21:32 etc

drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4.0K Jul 19 02:43 home

dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 4.0K May 3 2014 lib

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Sep 23 2011 media

drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 4.0K Jun 22 01:14 mnt

……………………………………….

上面所有命令显示文件以及路径，都是以文件所占大小 从大到小的方式排列的

例子10：用‘-i’选项列举文件节点以及路径

[root@localhost /]# ls -li

total 12378

 786436 dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Nov 23 03:13 bin

 2 dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 1024 Nov 23 05:29 boot

 655361 drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Nov 23 03:42 cgroup

 3 drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 3680 Dec 12 21:32 dev

 393217 drwxr-xr-x. 64 root root 4096 Dec 12 21:32 etc

 2 drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Jul 19 02:43 home

 917506 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 4096 May 3 2014 lib

 262146 dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 12288 Nov 23 03:13 lib64

 2668 -rw-r–r– 1 root root 12582912 Dec 12 22:05 linux-stuff

………………………………………………………….

例子11：用‘-version’命令显示当前版本信息

[root@localhost /]# ls –version

ls (GNU coreutils) 8.4

Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.

This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.

There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.

例子12：用‘-n’选项列举文件的uid&gid或者文件路径

[root@localhost /]# ls -n

total 14476

-rw-rw-r– 1 1000 1000 193 Aug 16 16:10 1

-rw-rw-r– 1 1000 1000 262 Nov 28 12:35 Anjali and Aakash help Yohan-B3MzR5cTpd2mLBSZfkPKppip8vCTKUdd.mp4.part

-rw-rw-r– 1 1000 1000 1849048 Jun 7 2014 BINGO from Super Simple Songs-9mmF8zOlh_g.mp4.part

drwxr-xr-x 18 1000 1000 4096 Dec 13 08:59 Desktop

drwxr-xr-x 2 1000 1000 4096 Sep 27 13:09 Documents

drwxr-xr-x 2 1000 1000 4096 Dec 2 10:10 Downloads

drwx—— 3 1000 1000 4096 Nov 30 15:36 Dropbox

-rw-rw-r– 1 1000 1000 94296 Nov 20 02:00 dropbox_2.10.0_amd64.deb

-rw-r–r– 1 1000 1000 8980 Apr 20 2014 examples.desktop

-rw-rw-r– 1 1000 1000 203 Oct 26 16:02 fs.sh

drwxrwxr-x 2 1000 1000 4096 Sep 1 14:31 Google Drive

……………………………………………………….

例子13：ls命令的默认别名

在终端上键入alias命令用来显示ls命令设置默认的别名​​。

[root@localhost /]# alias

alias cp=’cp -i’

alias l.=’ls -d .* –color=auto’

alias ll=’ls -l –color=auto’

alias ls=’ls –color=auto’

alias mv=’mv -i’

alias rm=’rm -i’

alias which=’alias | /usr/bin/which –tty-only –read-alias –show-dot –show-tilde’

例子14：用‘-time –style ’选项在ls命令输出之后显示时间戳

[root@localhost /]# ls -l –time-style=”+%Y-%m-%d $newline%m-%d %H:%M”

total 12378

dr-xr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 2014-11-23 11-23 03:13 bin

dr-xr-xr-x. 5 root root 1024 2014-11-23 11-23 05:29 boot

drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 2014-11-23 11-23 03:42 cgroup

drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 3680 2014-12-12 12-12 21:32 dev

drwxr-xr-x. 64 root root 4096 2014-12-12 12-12 21:32 etc

drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 2014-07-19 07-19 02:43 home

dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 4096 2014-05-03 05-03 05:24 lib

dr-xr-xr-x. 8 root root 12288 2014-11-23 11-23 03:13 lib64

-rw-r–r– 1 root root 12582912 2014-12-12 12-12 22:05 linux-stuff

drwx——. 2 root root 16384 2014-05-03 05-03 05:19 lost+found

drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 2011-09-23 09-23 07:50 media

…………………………………………………………….

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译者：GuiltyMan

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