apt-get和apt-cache是Ubuntu Linux中的命令行下的包管理工具。 apt-get的GUI版本是Synaptic包管理器。本篇中我们会展示apt-get和apt-cache命令的15个不同例子。
示例:1 列出所有可用包
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ apt–cache pkgnames
- account–plugin–yahoojp
- ceph–fuse
- dvd+rw–tools
- e3
- gnome–commander–data
- grub–gfxpayload–lists
- gweled
- …………………………………
示例:2 用关键字搜索包
这个命令在你不确定包名时很有用,只要在apt-cache(LCTT 译注:这里原文是apt-get,应为笔误)后面输入与包相关的关键字即可。
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ apt–cache search “web server”
- apache2 –Apache HTTP Server
- apache2–bin –Apache HTTP Server(binary files and modules)
- apache2–data –Apache HTTP Server(common files)
- apache2–dbg –Apache debugging symbols
- apache2–dev –Apache HTTP Server(development headers)
- apache2–doc –Apache HTTP Server(on–site documentation)
- apache2–utils –Apache HTTP Server(utility programs for web servers)
- …………………………………………………………….
注意: 如果你安装了“apt-file”包,我们就可以像下面那样用配置文件搜索包。
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ apt–file search nagios.cfg
- ganglia–nagios–bridge:/usr/share/doc/ganglia–nagios–bridge/nagios.cfg
- nagios3–common:/etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
- nagios3–common:/usr/share/doc/nagios3–common/examples/nagios.cfg.gz
- pnp4nagios–bin:/etc/pnp4nagios/nagios.cfg
- pnp4nagios–bin:/usr/share/doc/pnp4nagios/examples/nagios.cfg
示例:3 显示特定包的基本信息
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ apt–cache show postfix
- Package: postfix
- Priority: optional
- Section: mail
- Installed–Size:3524
- Maintainer:LaMontJones<lamont@debian.org>
- Architecture: amd64
- Version:2.11.1–1
- Replaces: mail–transport–agent
- Provides:default–mta, mail–transport–agent
- ……………………………………………..
示例:4 列出包的依赖
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ apt–cache depends postfix
- postfix
- Depends: libc6
- Depends: libdb5.3
- Depends: libsasl2–2
- Depends: libsqlite3–0
- Depends: libssl1.0.0
- |Depends: debconf
- Depends:<debconf–2.0>
- cdebconf
- debconf
- Depends: netbase
- Depends: adduser
- Depends: dpkg
- ……………………………………..
示例:5 使用apt-cache显示缓存统计
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ apt–cache stats
- Totalpackage names:60877(1,218 k)
- Totalpackage structures:102824(5,758 k)
- Normal packages:71285
- Purevirtual packages:1102
- Singlevirtual packages:9151
- Mixedvirtual packages:1827
- Missing:19459
- Total distinct versions:74913(5,394 k)
- Total distinct descriptions:93792(2,251 k)
- Total dependencies:573443(16.1 M)
- Total ver/file relations:78007(1,872 k)
- TotalDesc/File relations:93792(2,251 k)
- TotalProvides mappings:16583(332 k)
- Total globbed strings:171(2,263)
- Total dependency version space:2,665 k
- Total slack space:37.3 k
- Total space accounted for:29.5 M
示例:6 使用 “apt-get update” 更新仓库
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ apt–cache depends postfix
- postfix
- Depends: libc6
- Depends: libdb5.3
- Depends: libsasl2–2
- Depends: libsqlite3–0
- Depends: libssl1.0.0
- |Depends: debconf
- Depends:<debconf–2.0>
- cdebconf
- debconf
- Depends: netbase
- Depends: adduser
- Depends: dpkg
- ……………………………………..
示例:5 使用apt-cache显示缓存统计
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ apt–cache stats
- Totalpackage names:60877(1,218 k)
- Totalpackage structures:102824(5,758 k)
- Normal packages:71285
- Purevirtual packages:1102
- Singlevirtual packages:9151
- Mixedvirtual packages:1827
- Missing:19459
- Total distinct versions:74913(5,394 k)
- Total distinct descriptions:93792(2,251 k)
- Total dependencies:573443(16.1 M)
- Total ver/file relations:78007(1,872 k)
- TotalDesc/File relations:93792(2,251 k)
- TotalProvides mappings:16583(332 k)
- Total globbed strings:171(2,263)
- Total dependency version space:2,665 k
- Total slack space:37.3 k
- Total space accounted for:29.5 M
示例:6 使用 “apt-get update” 更新仓库
使用命令“apt-get update”, 我们可以重新从源仓库中同步文件索引。包的索引从“/etc/apt/sources.list”中检索。
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get update
- Ign http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic InRelease
- Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic Release.gpg
- Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic Release
- Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic/main Sources
- Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic/main amd64 Packages
- Hit http://extras.ubuntu.com utopic/main i386 Packages
- Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com utopic InRelease
- Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com utopic-updates InRelease
- Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com utopic-backports InRelease
- ……………………………………………………….
示例:7 使用apt-get安装包
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get install icinga
上面的命令会安装叫“icinga”的包。
示例:8 升级所有已安装的包
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get upgrade
示例:9 更新特定的包
在apt-get命令中的“install”选项后面接上“-only-upgrade”用来更新一个特定的包,如下所示:
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get install filezilla —only–upgrade
示例:10 使用apt-get卸载包
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get remove skype
上面的命令只会删除skype包,如果你想要删除它的配置文件,在apt-get命令中使用“purge”选项。如下所示:
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get purge skype
我们可以结合使用上面的两个命令:
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get remove —purge skype
示例:11 在当前的目录中下载包
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get download icinga
- Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ utopic/universe icinga amd64 1.11.6-1build1 [1,474 B]
- Fetched1,474 B in1s(1,363 B/s)
上面的目录会把icinga包下载到你的当前工作目录。
示例:12 清理本地包占用的磁盘空间
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get clean
上面的命令会清空apt-get所下载的包占用的磁盘空间。
我们也可以使用“autoclean”选项来代替“clean”,两者之间主要的区别是autoclean清理不再使用且没用的下载。
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get autoclean
- Readingpackage lists…Done
- Building dependency tree
- Reading state information…Done
示例:13 使用“autoremove”删除包
当在apt-get命令中使用“autoremove”时,它会删除为了满足依赖而安装且现在没用的包。
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get autoremove icinga
示例:14 显示包的更新日志
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get changelog apache2
- Get:1Changelogfor apache2 (http://changelogs.ubuntu.com/changelogs/pool/main/a/apache2/apache2_2.4.10-1ubuntu1/changelog) [195 kB]
- Fetched195 kB in3s(60.9 kB/s)
上面的命令会下载apache2的更新日志,并在你屏幕上分页显示。
示例:15 使用 “check” 选项显示损坏的依赖关系
- linuxidc@localhost:~$ sudo apt–get check
- Readingpackage lists…Done
- Building dependency tree
- Reading state information…Done
本文永久更新链接地址:http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-02/113951.htm