服务器评测整理了非常由于的Git一些常用命令，Git是目前世界上最先进的分布式版本控制系统。由于它就没有中央服务器的，每个人的电脑就是一个完整的版本库，这样，工作的时候就不需要联网了，因为版本都是在自己的电脑上。既然每个人的电脑都有一个完整的版本库，那多个人如何协作呢？比如说自己在电脑上改了文件A，其他人也在电脑上改了文件A，这时，你们两之间只需把各自的修改推送给对方，就可以互相看到对方的修改了。
1、init,创建一个git仓库
[root@linuxidc git]# cd /usr/local/
[root@linuxidc local]# mkdir github
[root@linuxidc local]# cd github
[root@linuxidc git]# git init
Initialized empty Git repository in /usr/local/github/.git/
[root@linuxidc git]# ls -a
. .. .git
2、status，检查状态
[root@linuxidc git]# touch code1.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git status
# On branch master
# Untracked files:
# (use “git add <file>…” to include in what will be committed)
#
# code1.py
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use “git add” to track)
3、add,文件添加到索引，也就是接受版本控制
[root@linuxidc git]# git add code1.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git status
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use “git reset HEAD <file>…” to unstage)
#
# new file: code1.py
#
4、commit,提交
[root@linuxidc git]# git commit -m “New add code1.py” #第一次会提示我们输入信息，名字与邮件
[master 7894d32] New add code1.py
Committer: root <root@linuxidc.(none)>
Your name and email address were configured automatically based
on your username and hostname. Please check that they are accurate.
You can suppress this message by setting them explicitly:
git config –global user.name “Your Name”
git config –global user.email you@example.com
If the identity used for this commit is wrong, you can fix it with:
git commit –amend –author=’Your Name <you@example.com>’
0 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 code1.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git config –global user.name sunshine #名字
[root@linuxidc git]# git config –global user.email sunshine@git.com #邮件地址
[root@linuxidc git]# git config –global color.ui #auto显示颜色
5、branc 创建、查看、删除分支
[root@linuxidc git]# git branch
* master
[root@linuxidc git]# git branch dev
[root@linuxidc git]# git branch
dev
* master
[root@linuxidc git]# git branch -d dev
Deleted branch dev (was 7894d32).
[root@linuxidc git]# git branch
* master
#删除分支会有另外一种诡异的现象发生
[root@linuxidc git]# git checkout -b dev1 #创建并切换dev1分支
Switched to a new branch ‘dev1’
[root@linuxidc git]# cat code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# echo “print ‘Sunshine Good~'” > code.py #输出内容至code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# cat code.py
print ‘Sunshine Good~’
[root@linuxidc git]# git add code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git commit -m “New add rom ‘Sunshine Good~'”
[dev1 865c84e] New add rom ‘Sunshine Good~’
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
[root@linuxidc git]# git checkout master #切换至master
Switched to branch ‘master’
[root@linuxidc git]# cat code.py #查看mastercode.py，没有内容
[root@linuxidc git]# git branch -d dev1 #删除分支dev1报错，俩中方法，第一dev1确实不是我需要的，那么小d换成大D即可，第二个就下面步骤
error: The branch ‘dev1’ is not fully merged.
If you are sure you want to delete it, run ‘git branch -D dev1’.
[root@linuxidc git]# git merge dev1 #合并分支dev1至master
Updating bf266f5..865c84e
Fast-forward
code.py | 1 +
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
[root@linuxidc git]# cat code.py
print ‘Sunshine Good~’
[root@linuxidc git]# git branch -d dev1 #使用小d删除分支dev1，删除成功
Deleted branch dev1 (was 865c84e).
[root@linuxidc git]#
6、checkout 切换 创建分支
[root@linuxidc git]# git checkout -b dev
Switched to a new branch ‘dev’
[root@linuxidc git]# git branch
* dev
master
[root@linuxidc git]# git checkout master
Switched to branch ‘master’
[root@linuxidc git]# git branch
dev
* master
7、clone 克隆一个repository 信息在本地目录，哪自己之前做好的gitolite
[root@Redis_master ~]# git clone git@127.0.0.1:dev
Initialized empty Git repository in /root/dev/.git/
remote: Counting objects: 9, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 9 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Receiving objects: 100% (9/9), done.
[root@redis_master ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg appendonly.aof dev id_rsa.pub install.log install.log.syslog
[root@redis_master ~]# cd dev/
[root@redis_master dev]# ls
test.txt
8、diff 对比文件
[root@linuxidc git]# ls
code1.py code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git status
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
[root@linuxidc git]# vim code1.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git diff #这里是对比暂存区与工作区对比
diff –git a/code1.py b/code1.py
index e69de29..66708be 100644
— a/code1.py
+++ b/code1.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+print ‘Sunshine Good!’
[root@linuxidc git]# git diff –staged #这里是暂存区对比staged也就是我们commit的staged区
[root@linuxidc git]# git add code1.py #添加到暂存区
[root@linuxidc git]# git diff #工作区对比暂存区
[root@linuxidc git]# git diff –staged #暂存区对比commit的staged
diff –git a/code1.py b/code1.py
index e69de29..66708be 100644
— a/code1.py
+++ b/code1.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+print ‘Sunshine Good!’
[root@linuxidc git]# git commit -m “code1.py New add row Sunshine Good” #提交
[master bf266f5] code1.py New add row Sunshine Good
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
[root@linuxidc git]# git diff –staged #对比暂存区以staged区
[root@linuxidc git]# git diff #对比工作区对比暂存区
9、log 就是日志咯，不过这里显示的可能比较诡异
[root@linuxidc git]# git log #详细显示
commit bf266f5673089439efdd632a38b7220390af5cc7
Author: sunshine <sunshine@git.com>
Date: Wed Oct 5 23:34:03 2016 +0800
code1.py New add row Sunshine Good
commit 7894d320ac92997fdb4d0c74487d87def3ebf756
Author: root <root@linuxidc.(none)>
Date: Wed Oct 5 23:20:29 2016 +0800
New add code1.py
commit b4213472064fbc292eff843b6a67549344197495
Author: root <root@linuxidc.(none)>
Date: Wed Oct 5 21:45:23 2016 +0800
New add code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git log –oneline #简要显示
bf266f5 code1.py New add row Sunshine Good
7894d32 New add code1.py
b421347 New add code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git log –color –graph #显示版本分支示意图
* commit bf266f5673089439efdd632a38b7220390af5cc7
| Author: sunshine <sunshine@git.com>
| Date: Wed Oct 5 23:34:03 2016 +0800
|
| code1.py New add row Sunshine Good
|
* commit 7894d320ac92997fdb4d0c74487d87def3ebf756
| Author: root <root@linuxidc.(none)>
| Date: Wed Oct 5 23:20:29 2016 +0800
|
| New add code1.py
|
* commit b4213472064fbc292eff843b6a67549344197495
Author: root <root@linuxidc.(none)>
Date: Wed Oct 5 21:45:23 2016 +0800
New add code.py
10、merge 合并分支
[root@linuxidc git]# ls
code1.py code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git checkout -b dev #创建并切换至分支dev
Switched to a new branch ‘dev’
[root@linuxidc git]# git branch #查看当前位置所在分支
* dev
master
[root@linuxidc git]# vim code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# cat code.py
print ‘Sunsine !’
[root@linuxidc git]# git checkout master #切换回master
M code.py
Switched to branch ‘master’
[root@linuxidc git]# git merge dev #合并分支dev
Already up-to-date.
[root@linuxidc git]# cat code.py
print ‘Sunsine !’
[root@linuxidc git]# git branch -d dev #删除分支
Deleted branch dev (was bf266f5)
11、mv 重命名
[root@linuxidc git]# ls
code1.py code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git mv code1.py code.txt #重命名code1.py–>code.txt
[root@linuxidc git]# ls
code.py code.txt
[root@linuxidc git]# git status #查看状态，显示 # renamed: code1.py -> code.txt
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
# (use “git reset HEAD <file>…” to unstage)
#
# renamed: code1.py -> code.txt
#
[root@linuxidc git]# git add code.txt
[root@linuxidc git]# git commit -m ” Modify file name code1.py–>code.txt”
[master 924041d] Modify file name code1.py–>code.txt
1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
rename code1.py => code.txt (100%)
12、rm 删除
[root@linuxidc git]# ll
total 8
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 23 Oct 5 23:53 code.py
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 23 Oct 5 23:32 code.txt
[root@linuxidc git]# git rm code.txt #删除code.txt
rm ‘code.txt’
[root@linuxidc git]# ll
total 4
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 23 Oct 5 23:53 code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git commit -am ” Delete file code.txt”
[master 82ec99e] Delete file code.txt
1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
delete mode 100644 code.txt
13、show等价于rev-parse,只不过一个是简要一个是明细
[root@linuxidc git]# git show HEAD~ #看hash值
commit 924041d5e2924e945f67816775869d4ceb9694dd
Author: sunshine <sunshine@git.com>
Date: Wed Oct 5 23:57:25 2016 +0800
Modify file name code1.py–>code.txt
diff –git a/code.txt b/code.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66708be
— /dev/null
+++ b/code.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+print ‘Sunshine Good!’
diff –git a/code1.py b/code1.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 66708be..0000000
— a/code1.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-print ‘Sunshine Good!’
[root@linuxidc git]# git rev-parse HEAD~ #仔细看hash值是一样的
924041d5e2924e945f67816775869d4ceb9694dd
14、cat-file 查看tree与parent
[root@linuxidc git]# git cat-file -t HEAD~ #-t 显示commit
commit
[root@linuxidc git]# git cat-file -p HEAD~ #-p 显示tree与parent
tree ea16f4c3781c4dc1f5e142eba114b0d5a1cefeaa
parent 865c84e5f13fb239f83e3e27bcf0f3a28990034e
author sunshine <sunshine@git.com> 1475683045 +0800
committer sunshine <sunshine@git.com> 1475683045 +0800
Modify file name code1.py–>code.txt
15、reset 这个就比较复杂啦
[root@linuxidc git]# ll
total 4
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 23 Oct 6 00:17 code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git log –oneline #查看历史commit版本hash值82ec99e
82ec99e Delete file code.txt
924041d Modify file name code1.py–>code.txt
865c84e New add rom ‘Sunshine Good~’
bf266f5 code1.py New add row Sunshine Good
7894d32 New add code1.py
b421347 New add code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# ll
total 4
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 23 Oct 6 00:17 code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git rm code.py #删除文件code.py
rm ‘code.py’
[root@linuxidc git]# git commit -am “Delete file code.py” #commit -am等价于执行 #git add filename # git commit -m “Delete fie code.py”,提示删除成功
[master 3271a1d] Delete file code.py
1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
delete mode 100644 code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# ll #查看不存在
total 0
[root@linuxidc git]# git status #也没报错
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
[root@linuxidc git]# git log –oneline #查看commit版本hash值
3271a1d Delete file code.py
82ec99e Delete file code.txt
924041d Modify file name code1.py–>code.txt
865c84e New add rom ‘Sunshine Good~’
bf266f5 code1.py New add row Sunshine Good
7894d32 New add code1.py
b421347 New add code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git reset –hard 82ec99e #回滚到上个版本
HEAD is now at 82ec99e Delete file code.txt
[root@linuxidc git]# ll #OK文件回来了
total 4
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 23 Oct 6 00:18 code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git log –oneline #回滚成功
82ec99e Delete file code.txt
924041d Modify file name code1.py–>code.txt
865c84e New add rom ‘Sunshine Good~’
bf266f5 code1.py New add row Sunshine Good
7894d32 New add code1.py
b421347 New add code.py
16、tag 标签，由于commit都是以hash记录，所以tag是为快速定义而准备的
[root@linuxidc git]# git log –oneline #查看commit版本的hash
2989e89 New add rom Sunshine
bf266f5 code1.py New add row Sunshine Good
7894d32 New add code1.py
b421347 New add code.py
[root@linuxidc git]# git tag v0.1.2 2989e89 #为hash值2989e89打上标签v0.1.2
[root@linuxidc git]# git tag v0.1.3 bf266f5 #为hash值bf266f5打上标签v0.1.3
[root@linuxidc git]# git tag
v0.1.1
v0.1.2
v0.1.3
[root@linuxidc git]# git tag v0.1.4 #修改代码或者增加功能都可以直接给上tag
[root@linuxidc git]# git show 2989e89 #使用hash查找
commit 2989e8927da83be9087933c17b074adeb2e91e2c
Author: sunshine <sunshine@git.com>
Date: Wed Oct 5 23:49:07 2016 +0800
New add rom Sunshine
diff –git a/code.py b/code.py
index e69de29..3a2a051 100644
— a/code.py
+++ b/code.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+print ‘Sunsine !’
[root@linuxidc git]# git show v0.1.2 #使用标签查找
commit 2989e8927da83be9087933c17b074adeb2e91e2c
Author: sunshine <sunshine@git.com>
Date: Wed Oct 5 23:49:07 2016 +0800
New add rom Sunshine
diff –git a/code.py b/code.py
index e69de29..3a2a051 100644
— a/code.py
+++ b/code.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+print ‘Sunsine !’
[root@linuxidc git]# git tag -d v0.1.1 #删除标签
Deleted tag ‘v0.1.1’ (was 2989e89)
[root@linuxidc git]# git tag
v0.1.2
v0.1.3
17、pull 获取，这个用到我们之前搭建的gitolite
[root@redis_master dev]# git pull origin master #没发现有人push，所以拉不到信息
From 127.0.0.1:dev
* branch master -> FETCH_HEAD
Already up-to-date.
[root@redis_master dev]# git push -f #为了测试这边使用-f强制覆盖更新
Counting objects: 32, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (19/19), done.
Writing objects: 100% (32/32), 2.94 KiB, done.
Total 32 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@127.0.0.1:dev
+ 4197bf0…addfd8f master -> master (forced update)
[root@redis_master dev]# git pull #再试一下git pull
remote: Counting objects: 24, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (16/16), done.
remote: Total 23 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (23/23), done.
From 127.0.0.1:dev
+ 4197bf0…addfd8f master -> origin/master (forced update)
Merge made by recursive.
855.py | 4 ++++
class.php | 1 +
2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 855.py
create mode 100644 class.php
[root@redis_master dev]# ll #拉取到代码了
total 8
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 45 Oct 6 01:03 855.py
-rw-r–r–. 1 root root 4 Oct 6 01:03 class.php
18、push 推送，这个用到我们之前搭建的gitolite
12345678910111213141516 [root@redis_master dev]# git status #查看状态
# On branch master
nothing to commit (working directory clean)
[root@redis_master dev]# cat test.txt
this is test file
555
[root@redis_master dev]# echo 44 >> test.txt #修改内容
[root@redis_master dev]# git commit -am “New add string 44” #commit并说明
[master 4197bf0] New add string 44
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
[root@redis_master dev]# git push #推送至我们的远程代码托管
Counting objects: 5, done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 262 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@127.0.0.1:dev
8a54bbe..4197bf0 master -> master
CentOS 6.7下Gitolite 服务搭建及TortoiseGit配置连接 见 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2017-07/145766.htm。其实这里只是简简单单的介绍了下命令的正常场景所遇见的问题！~更深层次的下次介绍呗^-^,
更多 Git 教程系列文章：
GitHub 使用教程图文详解 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-09/106230.htm
Git使用图文详细教程 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-11/136781.htm
Ubuntu Git安装与使用 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-11/136769.htm
Git 标签管理详解 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-09/106231.htm
Git 分支管理详解 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-09/106232.htm
Git 远程仓库详解 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-09/106233.htm
Git 本地仓库（Repository）详解 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-09/106234.htm
Git 服务器搭建与客户端安装 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-05/101830.htm
Git 概述 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-05/101829.htm
分享实用的GitHub 使用教程 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2014-04/100556.htm
Git从入门到学会 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-10/135872.htm
Git基本操作详解 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2016-10/135691.htm
Git部署与常用基本命令详解 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2017-06/144961.htm
分布式版本控制系统 Git 详细教程 http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2017-05/143747.htm
Git 的详细介绍：请点这里
Git 的下载地址：请点这里
本文永久更新链接地址：http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2017-07/145771.htm
